The rebellion sought to undo not only hated anglicising policies in the church, but to reverse the wholesale transfer of power to London which had followed the 1603 union of the crowns. The Covenanters fought for a Scottish parliament free from royal control as well as for a Presbyterian church.
Their success was staggering. When the king refused to make concessions, they widened their demands, and when he planned to conquer Scotland with armies from England and Ireland, they occupied the north of England with their own army - and even forced the humiliated king to pay it.
The Covenanters had triumphed, but the triumph proved fragile. The problem was that their success destabilised Charles I's other two kingdoms. The Scots had proved how brittle the seemingly absolute monarchy really was. First the Irish followed the Scottish army and revolted, then in 1642 England collapsed into civil war.
How were the Covenanters to react? In the three kingdom monarchy, Scotland's fate would depend in the end on the outcomes of the Irish and English wars. It was decided that Scotland's national interests and doing God's will - made it necessary to sent armies to intervene in both Ireland and England. The aim was to enforce a settlement on all three kingdoms that would protect Scotland's separate identity and impose Scottish Presbyterian on all of them. As the Covenanters launched an invasion of England in 1644 their hopes were high. Political realism and religious fanaticism was leading the Scots to launch a bold bid to replace English dominance of Britain with Scottish.
This study, first published in 1973, was pioneering in seeking to interpret the great upheaval of these years in Scotland not in isolation but as part of the wars of the three kingdoms. It is a book that will appeal to scholars and students of the civil wars, as well as to all those with an interest in this fascinating and turbulent period in Scottish and indeed British history.David Stevenson is Professor Emeritus of Scottish History at the University of St Andrews and the author of numerous books. His most recent work, The Beggar's Benison, has been published by Tuckwell Press.
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